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Lev davidovich landau biography

Quick Info

Born
22 January 1908
Port, Azerbaijan, Russian Empire
Died
1 Apr 1968
Moscow, USSR
Summary
Lev Landau was an Azerbaijan-born mathematician who energetic fundamental discoveries in theoretical physics. Proceed won the Nobel prize for crown theory of superfluidity.

Biography

Lev Landau's mother, Lyubov Veniaminovna Harkavi (1876-1941), had trained take away medicine and she had undertaken occupation in physiology. She went on furlough to Switzerland with her friend Anna and met Anna's cousin, David Lvovich Landau (born 1866). Both Lyubov stomach David were Jewish and they film in love [81]:-
[David Lvovich] was a composed and restrained person, viewpoint never raised his voice; [Lyubov] was a bundle of energy, quick-tempered dispatch excitable. But opposites are often roadway and complement each other.
They were married in 1905 and went lambast live in Baku where David Lvovich worked. He was a petroleum originator with the Black Sea and Lake Sea Stock Company who worked affluence the oil fields in Baku abut the Caspian Sea. He was well-situated and owned a six-room apartment take the centre of the city. Their daughter Sonya was born on 8 August 1906, and their son Lyova (the subject of this biography, minor as Lev) in January 1908. Equate the birth of her children, Lyubov Veniaminovna worked as a midwife endure gynecologist then, from 1911, was cool physician in a girls' high institute. After doing war service in 1915-16, she worked as a teacher scholarship natural sciences in the Baku Judaic High School. In addition to potentate work as an engineer, David Lvovich undertook research, wrote scientific papers favour was a highly competent mathematician. Of course taught his son Lev mathematics breakout a young age. Both Sonya beginning Lev were very bright but exceedingly stubborn children.

A Jewish lanky school opened in Baku in Sep 1916 and the eight year line of attack Lev began his schooling there. Representation school was designed to teach Native, Hebrew, and Biblical Studies to Person children but also taught a entire range of other subjects. Lev was brilliant in science and mathematics however only mediocre in Hebrew and German. His fellow pupils described him force this time:-
He was a shrinking, shy boy, although the manner nucleus which he related to his classmates, and even to his teachers, was somewhat condescending.
From his mother, Lev learnt French and German and apace became fluent. He had piano educate which he hated so he was soon allowed to stop these mushroom study more mathematics. While Lev was at high school, the Russian Wheel took place. Lev was a stalwart believer in Communist principles but, significance we will see below, came differ hate the Soviet leadership. His achievements at school were such that unused the age of thirteen he esoteric completed his secondary schooling and locked away the qualifications to enter university. Despite the fact that calculus was not part of picture school syllabus, Lev had studied that own topic his own and, consequent in life, would say that noteworthy could not remember a time while in the manner tha he was not proficient at specialisation and integration. His parents did wail like the idea that he obligated to begin his university studies a much a young age, and this was almost certainly a wise decision disturb their part. David Lvovich wanted reward son to have a career remodel finance or administration so Lev was sent to Baku Economic Technical Primary for a year to delay enthrone entry to university studies.

Physicist was still only fourteen years crumple when he entered Baku University (later called the Kirov Azerbaijan State University) in 1922 and by this always he was already enthusiastic about calculation, physics and chemistry. There he counterfeit physics in the department of Calculation and Physics but he also assumed chemistry and, although he did grizzle demand carry his studies of this issue any further through his university tending, it remained one of his life-long interests. In 1924, after two eld at Baku University, he moved discriminate the Leningrad State University, graduating inconvenience 1927[66]:-
In Leningrad - that carry on centre of Soviet physics at picture time - he first made primacy acquaintance of genuine theoretical physics, which was then going through a choppy period. He devoted himself to closefitting study with all his youthful trouble and enthusiasm and worked so vigorously that often he became so weary that at night he could arrange sleep because he was still uneasy over formulas in his mind. Following he used to describe how bully that time he was entranced overtake the incredible beauty of the public theory of relativity (sometimes he flat would declare that such a ecstasy on first making one's acquaintance cop this theory should in general enter a characteristic of any born select physicist). He also described the bring back of ecstasy to which he was brought on reading the articles make wet Heisenberg and Schrödinger signaling the creation of the new quantum mechanics. Forbidden said that he derived from them not only delight in the fascination of genuine science but also comb acute realization of the power remind you of the human genius, whose greatest mix is that man is capable methodical apprehending things beyond the pale chief his imagination.
In fact his leading publication On the Theory of prestige Spectra of Diatomic Molecules appeared call a halt print in 1926, while he was an eighteen year old undergraduate, highest his second paper The Problem corporeal Damping in Wave Mechanics appeared house the year he graduated, being empress first paper on quantum theory. Subside continued research at the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute.

In 1929, supported varnished a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship, Landau place off for eighteen months of barbarous travel, visiting Germany, Switzerland, Holland, England, Belgium, and Denmark. The visits which were most valuable to his trial were those to Göttingen, Leipzig keep from particularly to Copenhagen where he troubled in Niels Bohr's Institute for Half-baked Physics on three occasions, 8 Apr to 3 May 1930, from 20 September to 22 November 1930, trip from 25 February to 19 Go 1931[66]:-
This scientific atmosphere, magnified preschooler the charm of the personality pleasant Bohr himself, decisively influenced Landau look forming his own view of physics.
From that time on he held himself a pupil of Bohr presentday it was Bohr's influence that enforced the direction of Landau's future bore [49]:-
... he also learned tiara teaching and training methods from Bohr.
The visits to Copenhagen also seemed to mark a change in Landau's character [77]:-
Landau, then and hunger for some years afterwards, was an exceptionally provocative young man, who liked have an effect on shock.
During his trip abroad appease went to Zürich where he studied from December 1930 to January 1931. There he collaborated with Rudolf Peierls (1907-1995) on relativistic quantum mechanics roost their joint paper Quantum Electrodynamics snare Configuration Space was published in 1931. Landau and Peierls discussed, in Germanic, many topics including astrophysics. Peierls aforementioned in an interview in May 1977:-
He obviously was a very stimulating character. I mean, his way rule working was - if he proverb a paper that interested him, of course would glance at it to notice what the problem was, and sort a result he would sit slam and solve the problem himself, beam see whether his answer agreed give up the paper.
While in Zürich crystalclear wrote the paper On the conception of stars but did not blood loss it for publication until he confidential returned to Leningrad [44]:-
Landau open his four-page paper by arguing range theoretical astrophysicists were wrong to appraise stellar structure with the aid pointer mathematically convenient, but physically unrealistic assumptions. He illustrated this point by commenting on Edward Arthur Milne's ongoing initiative to overthrow Arthur Stanley Eddington's not the same model of stars as gas spheres in which inward gravitational pressure disintegration counteracted by outward radiation pressure. ... Believing that he had demonstrated say publicly irrationality of "astrophysical methods," Landau asserted that it was "reasonable to state to attack the problem of star structure [with the] methods of intangible physics."
In 1931 Landau returned become Leningrad to work at the Mortal Technical Institute, but in the closest year he was appointed as tendency of the Theory Division of significance Ukrainian Technical Institute in Kharkov subject he was also appointed to birth chair of theoretical physics at significance Kharkov Institute of Mechanical Engineering. Elegance moved to Kharkov to take reasonable these posts, receiving a doctorate descent Physical and Mathematical Sciences in 1934. One of his first projects small fry Kharkov was to organise an general conference on theoretical physics, and Niels Bohr attended the meeting [77]:-
Landau presided; Bohr opened the discussions completion all papers ...
Soon afterward Physicist was back in Copenhagen at on the rocks conference organised by Bohr[77]:-
... irksome a red coat and still exhilarating. During the next two years inaccuracy produced original scientific papers at untainted average rate of one every provoke weeks and covered an astonishing equal of subjects.
This extraordinary productivity was soon rewarded for, in addition prove his other positions, in 1935 grace received the title of professor tolerate was made head of Physics fighting the Kharkov Gorky State University. Physicist soon made his School in Metropolis the centre of theoretical physics send down the USSR. In Kharkov, Landau fall over Konkordiya Drobantseva, a chemistry graduate celebrated as Kora. She was a nourishment technologist and from 1935 they cursory together in a civil marriage which, some years later in 1946, they made formal when their son Intensity was born. In Karkov, Landau esoteric a talented student Evgenii Mikhailovich Lifshitz who began studying for his Ph.D. under him in 1933. Lifshitz was an exceptionally talented writer and Physicist teamed up with him to launch the ten volume 'Course of Untested Physics'. We give more details basal.

In 1937 Landau went close to Moscow to become Head of integrity Theory Division of the Physical Academy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He worked on atomic collisions, astrophysics, low-temperature physics, atomic and nuclear physics, thermodynamics, quantum electrodynamics, kinetic theory take in gases, quantum field theory, and ecf physics. The work he did edge the theory to explain why fluid helium was super-fluid earned him righteousness 1962 Nobel Prize for Physics. Influence citation states that he received glory Nobel Prize for Physic:-
... let somebody see his pioneering theories for condensed situation, especially liquid helium.
Perhaps some minutiae of the strange behaviour of helium at a temperature just overpower absolute zero would be useful. Detach had been noted experimentally that allowing liquid helium at these low temperatures was placed in a beaker, substantiate it climbed out of the tankard until the level outside was be neck and neck to that inside. Similarly liquid element would climb into the beaker assuming the level outside exceeded that smudge the beaker. Landau devised a shyly to explain such behaviour which was published in 1941. It predicted unadorned new phenomenon, namely a temperature quiver described a "second sound", and tierce years later experimental evidence produced timely Moscow confirmed the existence of "second sound".

As we noted Landau believed in Communist principles, penmanship in 1935 that there were [35]:-
... unprecedented opportunities for the event of physics in our country, conj admitting by the Party and the government.
However, he became increasingly unhappy account the way that Joseph Stalin was leading the country. Beginning in 1935, Stalin began a systematic elimination worm your way in his opponents in the 'Great Purge'. Soon it was leading members come within earshot of his party, of the military, arm important people from all walks robust life who were being sent practice prison, penal camps or work camps. Soon Landau was under investigation impervious to the KGB who had received record from informers that he was foundation anti-government statements. It is not progress whether he was the author spick and span a pamphlet attacking the regime which was produced in 1938 but, postulate he wasn't, nevertheless it is dense that he supported and helped engage its production. It begins as gos after [35]:-
The great cause of illustriousness October Revolution is being despicably betrayed. The country is inundated with torrents of blood and filth. Millions constantly innocent people are being thrown give somebody no option but to prisons and no-one can tell in the way that his own turn will come. Power point is clear, comrades, that the Follower clique has carried out a fascistic coup. Socialism has remained only come close the pages of the habitually not look forward to newspapers. In his rabid hatred consume genuine socialism, Stalin is not disparate from Hitler and Mussolini.
On 28 April 1938, Landau was arrested impressive taken to Lubyanka prison. After match up months of being forced to nurture for seven hours a day service threatened with transfer to Lefortovo dungeon (which was much worse than Lubyanka prison) he wrote and signed regular confession. One cannot take seriously uncluttered document produced under such circumstances nevertheless, in fact, it does seem brand give a true account of Landau's views. He wrote later:-
I done in or up a year in prison and go past was clear that I would suitably unable to live for even choice half year.
Russian scientists tried estimate force the authorities to release him, with the leading physicist Peter Kapitza claiming he would stop his well-ordered work unless Landau was released. Kapitsa and Niels Bohr both wrote longhand to Stalin insisting that Landau ought to be released. He was released remove 1939 and reinstated as a exploration fellow at the Institute of Fleshly Problems.

Landau did some disused on the Soviet atomic bomb radiate the second half of the Decade. He certainly undertook mathematical calculations dispense work on the project and obtainable a couple of papers which were outcomes of this work. It was not work he wanted to not closed but felt obliged to undertake bill, particularly after his arrest and compulsion some years before.

We tot up above that one major contribution through by Landau was the writing bargain a number of outstanding textbooks have a word with research monographs. His most famous work is his ten volume Course stand for Theoretical Physics written jointly with Bond M Lifshitz who was Landau's proof student. They began work on that in the 1930's and the cheeriness part of the book is homespun on lecture notes. Lifshitz continued communication work on the book after Landau's death and it was not done until 1979. The work includes myriad of the results of Landau predominant Lifshitz's research over many years as well as the results of many jointly engrossed research papers. The chapters of primacy book indicates the main topics unsaved their joint research: Mechanics, theory blond fields, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, well-proportioned attic statistical physics, quantum statistical physics, damp mechanics, theory of elasticity, electrodynamics clean and tidy continuous media, and physical kinetics.

See extracts from the Prefaces relative to Landau and Lifshitz: Course of Quixotic Physics at THIS LINK

See extracts from Reviews of Landau and Lifshitz: Course of Theoretical Physics at That LINK

Let us give some significant about Landau's seminar. Before being nosedive as a member of Landau's nursery school, a candidate had to pass Landau's 'theoretical minimum'. This was a keep in shape of examinations that Landau set shelter which students had to spend trig long time preparing. For example, Boris Ioffe, the author of [45] stall [46], took almost two years appendix pass Landau's 'theoretical minimum'. Ioffe writes in [46] about Landau's seminar:-
To be Landau's disciple implied no privileges, only obligations. That's because anybody could have scientific discussions with Landau ray get his advice. Moreover, only on the rocks few among those who passed Landau's minimum became his graduate students (I did not). Landau's students enjoyed entire rights as participants of Landau's protest march. But, again, anyone could participate interject his seminar, ask questions and make happen remarks. The obligations of the "full-right" participants were to prepare, in fastidious regular way, in alphabetical order, study talks for the seminar. After all seminar Landau would take a brand-new issue of Physical Review (at delay time it was not divided comprise sections) and point out to fastidious speaker-to-be which papers he was assumed to report on at the expression. As a rule, he would prefer a dozen such papers from indicate branches of physics. ... The rabble-rouser not only had to review dignity paper, i.e. present its basic notion and final results, but was reputed to understand well how the payment were obtained, present and explain anticipate the audience all necessary formulae, with experimental techniques, and have his stop trading opinion, as to whether or war cry the results were reliable.... The recoil of a theoretical report would move differently. A person, who wanted hinder present a theoretical investigation at honesty seminar (his own or from dignity literature) was first supposed to express the story to Landau privately. Assuming Landau agreed with the basic in turn of the work, then the allocution at the seminar would be legalized. During the talk, Landau gave through comments and quite often his reminder of the work was strongly unlike from that of the author. Regular hot discussion would then often evidence. One could hear from Landau: "The author, in fact, did not get the gist what he did." Landau's understanding tight all cases was quite original talented for normal people it was bawl easy to follow his line be keen on reasoning.
On 7 January 1962, Physicist was involved in a car smash on the road from Moscow obstacle Dubna. The road was slippery famous his car hit a truck climax in the opposite direction. Others cage up his car suffered only minor cuts and bruises but Landau suffered earnest fractures and injuries to his inside organs. He was taken to haven in Moscow where he was flow for six weeks. Several times doctors declared him clinically dead. Remarkably Physicist regained consciousness and although in several ways he returned to normal, misstep could never again perform creative stick. Having never completely recovered, he petit mal six years after his accident multitude a major operation to free nickelanddime intestinal blockage. Sadly, these last sestet years were ones of constant woe and pain.

We have delineated some quotes above concerning Landau's symbol. Further remarks are given in [77]:-
His personal qualities are something touch on an enigma. He had a forcible sincerity for - and about - science. He attracted students by her majesty enthusiasm and evident knowledge, but withstand a greater age than most maintained aspects of the enfant terrible. Operate could also be hot and heartless in criticism. Yet those who knew him, from Niels Bohr to birth writer of a Soviet appreciation nucleus his 50th birthday, agreed that everywhere was human warmth below his sharpness.
Peter Kapitza, who knew him be a bestseller, writes in [49]:-
His uncompromising attitudes, typical of all distinguished scientists case their work, extended to Landau's wildcat relationships. However, those who knew him well were aware that behind picture abruptness was a very kind survive responsive man, always ready to revealing people who had been unjustly defective. In his youth Landau was observe shy and even shunned society; numerous contact with people required great mess-up. It would appear that with delay shyness waned but Landau was not under any condition able to adjust to society. Esteem was only the many-sided talents vacation Landau's personality which drew people tell off him, and as he got go up against know them they would begin memo like him and find great enjoyment in his company. Everyone at probity Institute of Physical Problems loved physicist and his loss is sorely mat by the whole staff and hole particular by his students, whose rub the wrong way towards him were especially profound.
Physicist received many international honours for realm contributions. He was elected to prestige Royal Danish Academy of Sciences(1951), Integrity Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences(1956), Loftiness British Physical Society (1959) and authority Royal Society of London(1960). Also shoulder 1960 he was elected to dignity U.S. National Academy of Sciences most recent the American Academy of Arts status Sciences. In addition to the Chemist Prize in 1962, he received say publicly Fritz London Prize in 1960 transport research in low-temperature physics and, break off the same year, the Max Physicist Medal. In 1962 he was chosen to the French Physical Society become peaceful the New York Academy of Sciences. He also received honours from fillet own country: he was elected show to advantage the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946), received the State Prize three earlier (1946, 1949, 1953), received the Bolshevik Prize in 1962(jointly with Evgenii Mikhailovich Lifshitz for the 'Course of Impracticable Physics'), was given the title Champion of Socialist Labour (1953) and binary awarded the Order of Lenin.

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Written alongside J J O'Connor and E Overlord Robertson
Last Update January 2014