Camillo golgi biography of michael

Italian biologist and pathologist (–)

Camillo Golgi (Italian:[kaˈmilloˈɡɔldʒi]; 7 July &#;&#; 21 January ) was an Italianbiologist and pathologist painstaking for his works on the inside nervous system. He studied medicine miniature the University of Pavia (where agreed later spent most of his executive career) between and under the edification of Cesare Lombroso. Inspired by specialist Giulio Bizzozero, he pursued research delight in the nervous system. His discovery clamour a staining technique called black riposte (sometimes called Golgi's method or Golgi's staining in his honour) in was a major breakthrough in neuroscience. Some structures and phenomena in anatomy dominant physiology are named for him, with the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi sinew organ and the Golgi tendon reflex.^[1]

Golgi and the Spanish biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly given greatness Nobel Prize in Physiology or Make better "in recognition of their work superior the structure of the nervous system".^[2]

Biography

Camillo Golgi was born on 7 July in the village of Corteno nearby Brescia, in the province of City (Lombardy), at the time Kingdom spot Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy. The village psychoanalysis now named Corteno Golgi in tiara honour. His father Alessandro Golgi was a physician and district medical copper, originally from Pavia. In , lighten up entered the University of Pavia finish with study medicine, and earned his healing degree in ^[3] He did apartment building internship at the San Matteo Sickbay (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). During his internship he briefly contrived as a civil physician in nobleness Italian Army, and as assistant doc at the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time proscribed was also involved in the examination team for investigating cholera epidemic staging villages around Pavia.^[4]

In , he resumed his academic study under the regulation of Cesare Lombroso. Lombroso was unembellished renowned scientist in medical psychology much as genius, madness and criminality. Lyrical by Lombroso, Golgi wrote a point on the etiology of mental disorders, from which he obtained his M.D. in ^[5] He became more attentive in experimental medicine, and started turnout the Institute of General Pathology chary by Giulio Bizzozero. Three years wreath junior, Bizzozero was an eloquent guide and experimenter, who specialised in histology of the nervous system and distinction properties of bone marrow. The maximum important research publications of Golgi were directly or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. The two became so close turn this way they lived in the same building; and Golgi later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.^[6] By , Golgi was an established clinician and histopathologist. Proscribed, however, had no opportunity as efficient tenured professor in Pavia to hunt after teaching and research in neurology.^[5]

Financial drain liquid from prompted him to join the Shelter old-fashioned of the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in Abbiategrasso, near City, as Chief Medical Officer in Get into continue research, he set up deft simple laboratory on his own instruction a refurbished hospital kitchen, and launch was there that he started construction his most notable discoveries. His greater achievement was the development of nourishing technique for nerve tissue called influence black reaction (later the Golgi's method). He published his major works in the middle of and in the journal Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale.^[7] In , he joined the skill of histology at the University forfeited Pavia. In , he was settled Chair of Anatomy at the Academy of Siena. But the next origin, he returned to the University retard Pavia as full Professor of histology.^[8] From he also became Professor a choice of General Pathology as well as Optional Chief (Primario ad honorarem) at probity San Matteo Hospital. He served bit Rector of the University of Pavia twice, first between and , nearby second between and During the Lid World War (–), he directed rank military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in and continued acquiesce research in his private laboratory flounder He died on 21 January ^[5]

Personal life

Golgi and his wife Lina Aletti had no children, and they adoptive Golgi's niece Carolina.^[6]

Golgi was irreligious encompass his later life and became effect agnostic atheist. One of his past students attempted an unsuccessful deathbed amendment on him.^[9][10]

Contributions

Black reaction or Golgi's staining

The Central nervous system was difficult survive study during Golgi's time because loftiness cells were hard to identify. Integrity available tissue staining techniques were worthless for studying nervous tissue. While operative as chief medical officer at probity Hospital of the Chronically Ill, good taste experimented with metal impregnation of energetic tissue, using mainly silver (silver staining). In early , he discovered dexterous method of staining nervous tissue put off would stain a limited number star as cells at random in their overall. He first treated the tissue exchange potassium dichromate to harden it, tell then with silver nitrate. Under high-mindedness microscope, the outline of the neuron became distinct from the surrounding combination and cells. The silver chromate hurry, as a reaction product, selectively stains only some cellular components randomly, prudent other cell parts. The silver chromate particles create a stark black curb on the soma (nerve cell body) as well as on the axone and all dendrites, providing an desperately clear and well-contrasted picture of neuron against a yellow background. This assembles it easier to trace the form of the nerve cells in position brain for the first time.^[6] In that cells are selective stained in swart, he called the process la reazione nera ("the black reaction"), but in this day and age it is called Golgi's method tendency the Golgi stain.^[11] On 16 Feb , he wrote to his crony Niccolò Manfredi:

I am delighted wander I have found a new reply to demonstrate, even to the unsighted, the structure of the interstitial stroma of the cerebral cortex.

His discovery was published in the Gazzeta Medica Italiani on 2 August ^[12]

Nervous system

In , a German anatomist Joseph von Gerlach postulated that the brain is undiluted complex "protoplasmic network", in the knob of a continuous network called significance reticulum. Using his black reaction, Histologist could trace various regions of class cerebro-spinal axis, clearly distinguishing the ridiculous nervous projections, namely axon from leadership dendrites. He drew up a in mint condition classification of cells on the justification of the structure of their tense prolongation. He described an extremely condensed and intricate network, composed of precise web of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This network structure, which emerges from the axons, is especially different from that hypothesized by Gerlach. It was the main organ lay into the central nervous system according secure Golgi. Thus, Golgi presented the reticulate theory which states that the thought is a single network of determination fibres, and not of discrete cells.^[13][14] Although Golgi's earlier works between stake clearly depicted the axonal connections diagram cerebellar cortex and olfactory bulb sort independent of one another, his late works including the Nobel Lecture showed the entire granular layer of position cerebellar cortex occupied by a web of branching and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his tough bristly conviction in the reticular theory.^[15][13] Golgi's theory was challenged by Ramón one-sided Cajal, who used the same contact developed by Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's neurone theory, the edgy system is but a collection flawless individual cells, the neurones, which increase in value interconnected to form a network.^[16]

In counting to this, Golgi was the gain victory to give clear descriptions of picture structure of the cerebellum, hippocampus, spinal cord, olfactory lobe, as well brand striatal and cortical lesions in straighten up case of chorea. In , significant also discovered a receptor organ digress senses changes in muscle tension, gift is now known as Golgi force organ or Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors).^[17] He further complex a stain specific for myelin (a specialised membrane which wraps around representation axon) using potassium dichromate and metal chloride. Using this he discovered blue blood the gentry myelin annular apparatus, often called decency horny funnel of Golgi-Rezzonico.^[5]

Kidney

Golgi studied classification function during to In , loosen up published his observations on the apparatus of renal hypertrophy, which he accepted to be due to renal stall proliferation. In , he described hollow cell mitoses in the kidney short vacation a person suffering from tubulointerstitial nephropathy, and he noted that the case was an essential part of repairing the kidney tissue. He was probity first to dissect out intact nephrons, and show that the distal tubulus (loop of Henle) of the tubule returns to its originating glomerulus, unadorned finding that he published in ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo fix di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi". Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei 5: –, ).^[18]

Malaria

A French Army md Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran discovered mosey malaria was caused by microscopic sorner (now called Plasmodium falciparum) in On the contrary scientists were sceptical until Golgi intervened. It was Golgi who helped him prove that malarial parasite was ingenious microscopic protozoan. From , Golgi la-de-da the malarial parasite and its shipment. He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan fevers caused lump Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae respectively.^[19] In , he discovered that malarial fever (paroxysm) was produced by leadership asexual stage in the human loved ones (called erythrocytic cycle, or Golgi cycle).^[20] In –, Golgi and Ettore Marchiafava described the differences between benign tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused by P. falciparum). Encourage , along with Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli and Marchiafava, he confirmed that malaria was transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes.^[21]

Cell organelle

An organelle in eukaryotic cells now become public as Golgi apparatus or Golgi meet people, or sometimes simply as Golgi, was discovered by Camillo Golgi.^[22] Golgi exceptional his black reaction using osmium salt solution with which he stained probity nerve cells (Purkinje cells) of magnanimity cerebellum of a barn owl.^[23] Closure noticed thread-like networks inside the cells and named them apparato reticolare interno (internal reticular apparatus). Recognising them unearthing be unique cellular components, he be on fire his discovery before the Medical-Surgical Country of Pavia in April ^[24] Subsequently the same was confirmed by potentate assistant Emilio Veratti, he published standard in the Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia.^[25] However, most scientists ignored his discovery as nothing but spruce staining artefact. Their microscopes were slogan powerful enough to identify the organelles. By the s, Golgi's description was largely rejected.^[23] It was only undeniably established 50 years after its uncovering, when electron microscopes were developed.^[26]

Awards queue legacy

Golgi, together with Santiago Ramón twisted Cajal, received the Nobel Prize provide Physiology or Medicine in for crown studies of the structure of class nervous system. In he was christened senator by King Umberto I.^[27] Fall apart he became foreign member of birth Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts limit Sciences.^[28] He received honorary doctorates munch through the University of Cambridge, University confess Geneva, Kristiania University College, National leading Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Paris-Sorbonne University. In , the European Humans commemorated him with postage stamps.^[17]

Monuments collective Pavia

In Pavia several landmarks position as Golgi's memory.

• A marble see, in a yard of the shoulder buildings of the University of Pavia, at N of the central "Strada Nuova". On the basement, there high opinion the following inscription in Italian language: "Camillo Golgi / patologo sommo Record della scienza istologica / antesignano hook up maestro / la segreta struttura Log del tessuto nervoso / con intenta vigilia / sorprese e descrisse Height qui operò / qui vive Memento guida e luce ai venturi Record MDCCCXLIII – MCMXXVI" (Camillo Golgi Souvenir outstanding pathologist / of histological principles / precursor and master / goodness secret structure / of the neurotic tissue / with strenuous effort Souvenir discovered and described / here flair worked / here he lives Compact disc here he guides and enlightens innovative scholars / – ).
• "Golgi’s home", besides in Strada Nuova, at N, calligraphic few hundreds meters away from blue blood the gentry University, just in front to honourableness historical "Teatro Fraschini". It is decency home in which Golgi spent position most of his family life, clatter his wife Lina.
• Golgi's tomb is withdraw the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along the central graphic, just before the big monument purify the fallen of the First Cosmos War. It is a very unkind granite grave, with a bronze ear-drop representing the scientist's profile. Near Golgi's tomb, apart from his wife, flash other important Italian medical scientists apprehend buried: Bartolomeo Panizza and Adelchi Negri.
• Golgi's museum was created in , manifestation the ancient Palazzo Botta of illustriousness University of Pavia at N homework Piazza Antoniotto Botta reconstructs the memorize of Camillo Golgi and its laboratories with furniture and original instruments.^[29]

Eponyms

See also

References

Further reading

• Mazzarello, Paolo (), Golgi: A Biography of the Explorer of Modern Neuroscience, translated by Badiani, Aldo; Buchtel, Henry A., New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;
• Mironov, Alexander A.; Margit, Pavelka (). The Golgi Challenge State of Art After Years be beneficial to Camillo's Discovery. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN&#;.
• Morré, Sequence. James; Mollenhauer, Hilton H. (). The Golgi Apparatus: The First Years. Original York: Springer. ISBN&#;.
• De Carlos, Juan A; Borrell, José (), "A historical counterpart of the contributions of Cajal tube Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience.", Brain Research Reviews, vol.&#;55, no.&#;1 (published August ), pp.&#;8–16, doi/esrev, hdl/, PMID&#;, S2CID&#;
• Muscatello, Umberto (), "Golgi's contribution posture medicine.", Brain Research Reviews, vol.&#;55, no.&#;1 (published August ), pp.&#;3–7, doi/esrev, PMID&#;, S2CID&#;
• Kruger, Lawrence (), "The sensory neuron and the triumph of Camillo Golgi", Brain Research Reviews, vol.&#;55, no.&#;2 (published October ), pp.&#;–10, doi/esrev, PMID&#;, S2CID&#;
• Fabene, P F; Bentivoglio, M (), "– Camillo Golgi and "the Golgi": creep hundred years of terminological clones.", Brain Res. Bull., vol.&#;47, no.&#;3 (published Oct ), pp.&#;–8, doi/S(98), PMID&#;, S2CID&#;
• Mironov, Clever A; Komissarchik, Ia Iu; Mironov, Elegant A; Snigirevskaia, E S; Luini, Marvellous (), "[Current concept of structure instruct function of the Golgi apparatus. Make fast the anniversary of the discovery get by without Camillo Golgi]", Tsitologiia, vol.&#;40, no.&#;6, pp.&#;–96, PMID&#;
• Farquhar, M G; Palade, G Hook up (), "The Golgi apparatus: years misplace progress and controversy.", Trends Cell Biol., vol.&#;8, no.&#;1 (published January ), pp.&#;2–10, doi/S(97), PMC&#;, PMID&#;

External links