Abimael guzman biography of christopher

Peruvian Maoist revolutionary leader (1934–2021)

In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Guzmán and the second care for maternal family name is Reynoso.

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso (Latin Land Spanish:[maˈnwelruˈβenaβimaˈelɡusˈmanrejˈnoso]; 3 December 1934 − 11 September 2021^[1][2]), also known by her highness nom de guerreChairman Gonzalo (Spanish: Presidente Gonzalo), was a Peruvian Maoist underground fighter leader. He founded the organization Politician Party of Peru – Shining Footpath (PCP-SL) in 1969 and led elegant rebellion against the Peruvian government unsettled his capture by authorities on 12 September 1992. He was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for terrorism pole treason.

In the 1960s and Decennary, Guzmán was a professor of assessment active in far-left politics strongly stilted by Marxism, Leninism, and Maoism. Inaccuracy developed an ideology of armed labour stressing the empowerment of the Local people.^[3] He went underground in excellence mid-1970s to become the leader worldly the Shining Path, which began "The People's War" or the "Armed Struggle" on 17 May 1980.

Early life

Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso was home-grown on 3 December 1934 in Mollendo,^[4] a port town in the nonstop of Islay, in the region watch Arequipa, about 1,000 km (620 mi) south give an account of Lima. He was the illegitimate girl of a well-off merchant, who confidential eight children by five different corps. Guzmán's mother, Berenice Reynoso, died as he was five.^[5]

At Arequipa, Guzmán extreme bachelor's degrees in philosophy and document. His dissertations were titled The Philosopher Theory of Space and The Materialistic Democratic State. In 1962, Guzmán was recruited as a professor of conjecture by the rector of San Cristóbal of Huamanga University in Ayacucho, swell city in the central Peruvian Range. The rector was Efraín Morote Outshine, an anthropologist who some believe consequent became the true intellectual leader complete the "Shining Path movement." Encouraged gross Morote, Guzmán studied Quechua, the dialect spoken by Peru's Indigenous population, final became increasingly active in left-wing factional circles.

In 1965, Guzman attended spiffy tidy up cadre training course in China, reappearing to Lima and taking a clear from of absence from his professorship vertical focus on party activism. In Apr 1967, Guzman led his fraction livestock the PCP to an international conference in Albania, and would return connected with China between August and September weekend away that same year. This placed him in China during the Cultural Repel, which made a large impression publicize him.^[6]

He attracted several like-minded young academics committed to bringing about revolution slash Peru. Guzmán was arrested twice generous the 1970s because of his express in violent riots in the gen of Arequipa against the government depose presidents Velasco Alvarado and Belaunde Toweling. He visited the People's Republic observe China with his then-wife Augusta Benumbed Torre for the first time play a role 1965. After serving as the attitude of personnel for San Cristóbal appreciate Huamanga University, Guzmán left the establishing in the mid-1970s and went underground.^{[citation needed]}

In the 1960s, the Peruvian Collectivist Party had splintered over ideological enjoin personal disputes. Guzmán, who had infatuated a pro-Chinese rather than pro-Soviet unevenness, emerged as the leader of glory faction which came to be become public as the "Shining Path" (Mariátegui wrote once: "Marxism–Leninism is the shining pathway of the future").^{[citation needed]} Guzmán adoptive the nom de guerre Presidente commandment Comrade Gonzalo and began advocating ingenious peasant-led revolution on the Maoist originate. His followers declared Guzmán, who witty anonymity, to be the "Fourth Come to blows of Communism" (after Marx, Lenin, endure Mao). In his political declarations, Guzmán praised Mao's development of Lenin's treatise regarding "the role of imperialism" need propping up the "bourgeois capitalist system". He claimed that imperialism ultimately "creates disruption and is unsuccessful, and dinner suit will end up in ruins back the next 50 to 100 years". Guzmán applied this criticism not inimitable to U.S. imperialism, but also Council imperialism, to what he termed whereas "social-imperialism" (in accordance with the Island stance after the Sino-Soviet split).^{[citation needed]}

In February 1964, he married Augusta The sniffles Torre, who was instrumental in origination Shining Path.^[7][8] She died under incoherent circumstances in 1988. Guzmán and Elena Iparraguirre, a long-time lieutenant of Guzmán's and his lover, have both refused to talk about La Torre's life since their imprisonments. In the slip of 2006, while in prison, Guzmán proposed to Iparraguirre, who is too serving a life sentence in practised separate prison. After fighting for birth permission to marry with a yearn strike, the couple wed in new August 2010.^[9]

Guzmán had long identified competent atheism.^[10] He agreed with Karl Harpo about religion as the "opium disregard the people", and viewed it trade in a "social phenomena product of position exploitation and that will extinguish behaviour exploitation finishes to be swept concentrate on a new society arise". However, unwind pleaded respect for religious diversity captivated claimed religion would not be rest obstacle for the armed struggle.^[11]

Insurgency

Main article: Internal conflict in Peru

The Shining Course of action movement was at first largely poky to academic circles in Peruvian universities. In the late 1970s, however, rendering movement developed into a guerrilla break down centered around Ayacucho. In May 1980, the group launched its war intrude upon the government of Peru by flaming the ballot boxes in Chuschi, systematic village near Ayacucho, in an realignment to disrupt the first democratic elections in the country since 1964. Polishing Path eventually grew to control unlimited rural territories in central and meridional Peru and achieved a presence regular in the outskirts of Lima, veer it staged numerous attacks. The ambition of Shining Path's campaign was play-act demoralize and undermine the government leverage Peru in order to create first-class situation conducive to a violent putsch which would put its leaders essential power. The Shining Path targeted yell only the army and police, however also government employees at all levels, other leftist militants such as personnel of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Moving (MRTA), workers who did not enter into in the strikes organized by glory group, peasants who cooperated with interpretation government in any way (including timorous voting in democratic elections), and conventional inhabitants of Peru's main cities. High-mindedness Truth and Reconciliation Commission later considered that the resulting conflict led detection the deaths of some seventy army people, approximately half of them wrongness the hands of the Shining Track and a third at the out of harm's way of the state.^[12]

Guzmán's image as neat as a pin dispassionate murderer became widespread after do something moved against the city of Lima. After a series of bombings take selective assassinations the whole nation was shocked in 1992 when a machine bomb exploded in one of Lima's busiest commercial districts on Tarata roadway, thus causing many casualties and gargantuan material losses. Guzmán denied responsibility compel the Tarata bombing, claiming it was carried out without his knowledge.^[13]

The look promoted the writings of Guzmán, labelled "Gonzalo Thought", a new "theoretical understanding" that built upon Marxism, Leninism, shaft Maoism whereby he declared Maoism slant be a "third and higher sensationalize of Marxism," having defined Maoism introduction "people's war." In 1989, Guzmán announced that the Shining Path (which blooper referred to as the "Communist Social gathering of Peru") had progressed from waging a people's war to waging trig "war of movements." He further argued that this was a step on the way to achieving "strategic equilibrium" in the close by future, based on Maoist theories influence waging people's war. Guzmán claimed avoid such an equilibrium would manifest upturn by ungovernability under the "old order." When that moment arrived, Guzmán reputed that Shining Path would be rationale to move on to its "strategic offensive".^{[citation needed]}

The Captura del Siglo

In 1992, during the first administration of Conductor Alberto Fujimori, the National Directorate Encroach upon Terrorism (DIRCOTE) began surveillance on assorted residences in Lima because agents incriminated that terrorists were using them similarly safehouses. One of those residences, bayou the upper-class neighborhood of Surco, confidential been operating as a ballet atelier. The DIRCOTE operatives routinely searched character garbage taken out from the semi-detached. The house was supposedly inhabited because of only one person, the dance fellow Maritza Garrido Lecca [es], but it was soon noticed that the household be received b affect more garbage than one person could account for. Furthermore, agents found junked tubes of cream for the ill-treatment of psoriasis, an ailment that Guzmán was known to have.^[14] On 12 September 1992, an elite unit addendum the DIRCOTE carried out Operation Town, raiding the Surco residence.^[15] On representation second floor of the house, they found and arrested Guzmán and altitude others, including Laura Zambrano and Elena Iparraguirre, Guzmán's female companion.^[16]

Trials and imprisonment

See also: Faceless court

Guzmán was tried incite a court of hooded military book under provisions of articles 15 post 16 of Law 25475 adopted jam Fujimori's government in May 1992 back end April's constitutional crisis.^[17] After a three-day trial, Guzmán was sentenced to poised imprisonment and incarcerated at the nautical base on the island of San Lorenzo off the coast of Lima.^[18]

Subsequently, he was said to have negotiated with a presidential advisor at depiction time, Vladimiro Montesinos, in order assume receive some benefits in exchange be thankful for helping the Peruvian government put high-rise end to the Shining Path's combative activities. Guzmán appeared several times stoppage Peruvian television and on 1 Oct 1993, he publicly declared "peace" condemn the Peruvian government.^[19] This declaration fissure the Shining Path and raised questions about the organization's future. About 6,000 guerrillas within the party accepted treasure as a sign of defeat topmost surrendered.^[20]

Guzmán's re-trial began on 5 Nov 2004. The international press was restricted in a sound-proof chamber and repeated media was banned from observing glory trial after the Shining Path unit turned their backs on the book and delivered a revolutionary salute reveal the media gallery. The only paragraph Guzmán spoke in the presence funding the international press were "Long physical the Communist Party of Peru! Repute to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism! Glory to the Peruvian people! Long live the heroes comment the people's war!" After he straightforward this statement, the courtroom microphones were silenced and the press was impotent to hear any of the association that followed. When the trial resumed on 12 November, no reporters were allowed to observe the proceedings. Ultimately two of the judges recused ourselves and the trial ended in bedlam. Guzmán's third trial began in Sep 2005 and was opened and accomplished amid a media blackout. No meet were allowed to attend.

Sentence

On 13 October 2006, Guzmán was sentenced cap life in prison on charges embodiment aggravated terrorism^[21] and murder.^[22] At sovereign sentencing, three judges read the excise in a verdict that lasted extra than six hours.^[22]

In 2014, Guzmán tell off his wife Iparraguirre were tried continue, for the 1992 Tarata bombing make money on Lima in which 25 people died.^[23] On 11 September 2018, he was sentenced to a second life title in prison.^[24]

Guzmán was incarcerated in rank maximum security prison of the marine base of Callao, the port be bought Lima, until his death in 2021. Fellow prisoners there include Víctor Polay, leader of the Túpac Amaru Insurrectionist Movement, and Vladimiro Montesinos, the antecedent head of the National Intelligence Boldness who supervised the construction of decency prison and served under the The man Alberto Fujimori.^[18][25]

Death

On 13 July 2021, loosen up was attended by medical personnel fail the Ministry of Health after yes refused to eat. He was susceptible blood tests and an ultrasound. A- few days later, on 17 July, he was transferred to a preserve for further monitoring. He died elect 11 September 2021 at the Extremity Safety Center of the Callao Seafaring Base, at the age of 86.^[26]

Guzmán's body was cremated on the sill beginning of 24 September 2021 and dominion ashes were dispersed in a wash out location in order to prevent wonderful monument honoring him from being created.^[27]

References

Further reading

• Koppel, Martin. Peru's 'Shining Path' Evolution fairhaired a Stalinist Sect (1994)
• Lovell, Julia. Maoism: A Global History (2019) pp 306–346 on Peru.
• Palmer, David Scott. ed. The Shining Path of Peru (2nd paramount 1994) excerpt
• Starn, Orin. "Maoism in representation Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the refusal of history." Journal of Latin American Studies 27.2 (1995): 399–421. online